Proctosigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that examines the rectum and the lower part of the colon, including the sigmoid colon. Using a flexible endoscope equipped with a camera, this procedure allows doctors to visualize the inner lining of these areas. Proctosigmoidoscopy is crucial for diagnosing conditions such as hemorrhoids, polyps, and inflammatory bowel diseases. It is particularly useful for patients experiencing symptoms like rectal bleeding, persistent pain, or changes in bowel habits.